TERMINOLOGY OF BONY FEATURES

 TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE BONY FEATURES

Depression and Opening

1. Foramen : A hole, which provides passage to blood vessels and nerves. For example, foramina in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae.
2. Fossa : A hollow depression. For example, glenoid fossa of the scapula.
3. Groove : A ditch-like groove containing a tendon or blood vessel. For example, the bicipital groove of the humerus.
4. Meatus : A canal or tube-like opening in a bone. For example, external auditory meatus.
5. Sinus : An air filled cavity within a bone. For example, paranasal air sinuses (i.e. cavities in the paranasal bones filled with air).
6. Facet : A smooth, flat or shallow area. For example, articular facets of ribs.


Projections or Processes

1. Condyle : Rounded knuckle-like projection, for example, condyles of the femur.
2. Eminence : Projecting a prominent part of a bone, for example, the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
3. Head : Rounded articular projection beyond a narrow neck-like portion of bone, for example, head of the humerus.
4. Crest : Sharp ridge or border.
5. Epicondyle : Prominence above or on a condyle, for example, medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus.
6. Line : Less prominent ridge, for example, linea aspera of femur.
7. Spine : Long thin projection, for example, spines of vertebrae. 
8. Trochanter : Very large prominence for muscle attachment, for example, trochanters of femur.
9. Tubercle : Small rounded projection, for example, greater and lesser tubercles of humerus.
10. Tuberosity : Large rounded projection, for example, ischial tuberosity.



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