TERMINOLOGY OF JOINT MOVEMENTS
TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE JOINT MOVEMENTS:
1. FLEXION : Movement that takes place in sagittal plane around a transverse axis. For example, the flexion of the elbow approximates the anterior surface of the forearm with the anterior surface of the arm. The flexion is usually an anterior movement but occasionally it is a posterior movement. For example, flexion of the knee joint.
2. EXTENSION: Movement that approximates the extensor surfaces of the adjoining parts and thus increases the angle of the joint. For example, (i) Extension of elbow approximates the extensor surface of the forearm with the extensor surface of the arm. (ii) Extension of knee approximates the extensor surface of the leg with the extensor surface of the thigh.
3. ABDUCTION: Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane.
4. ADDUCTION: Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
5. ROTATION: Movements of a part of the body around its vertical axis:
(a) Medial rotation : An inward rotation; it results when the anterior surface of the part faces medially.
(b) Lateral rotation : An outward rotation; it results when the anterior surface of the part faces laterally.
6. CIRCUMDUCTION: Circular cone like movement of a body segment, which involves the combination of angular movements in sequence, namely flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
7. SUPINATION : Rotation of the forearm and hand laterally from the mid-prone position around the longitudinal axis so that the palm faces anteriorly.
8. PRONATION : Rotation of the forearm and hand medially from the mid-prone position around the longitudinal axis so that the palm faces posteriorly.
9. INVERSION: Movement of the sole in which the sole faces inwards or medially.
10. EVERSION: Movement of the sole in which the sole faces outwards or laterally.
11. PROTRACTION: Movement in which a part of the body moves forward on a plane parallel to the ground. For example, thrusting out the lower jaw (mandible) or thrusting shoulder and arm forward.
12. RETRACTION: Movement in which a part of the body moves backward on a plane parallel to the ground, that is pulling back the protracted part, namely the mandible.
13. ELEVATION : Movement in which a part of the body is lifted upwards. For example, the elevation of the mandible to close the mouth or elevating the scapula to shrug the shoulder.
14. DEPRESSION : Movement opposite to elevation.
Thank you for this insightful and well-written post. Your clear and thorough explanation made the information easy to understand. Please keep up the excellent work.
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